The paper reviews and analyzes the available literature and the existing legal framework regarding: i) the evolution and present situation of cotton production and the characteristics of the cotton value chain in Chaco province, Argentina; ii) the history of seed innovation in Argentina with special attention to cotton seeds; iii) the regulatory framework on seeds in Argentina with special attention to the link with international regulations; and iv) the regulatory framework in practice regarding three main topics: approval of new varieties; registration; and private contracts.